Velvety Hill Cardinal

An adjectival form of velvet, used since the eighteenth century for colors that read as if they had the matte light-absorbing quality of velvet. Implies high saturation combined with a non-glossy surface — the matte richness of a deep wine in a fabric rather than in a glass. Sits in the bold-and-deep corner of the grid alongside plush and lush.

Old English hyll, natural elevation. As a color modifier, hill implies a rolling-rise-and-pasture quality, the visual register of South-Downs-and-Cotswolds rolling chalk-and-limestone hill-pasture-and-sheep-grazed open surfaces under broad rolling-hill English-pastoral sky. Sits at the modifier-and-place end of the grid, parallel to dale and bluff in usage.

Named for the scarlet robes of Roman Catholic cardinals, dyed since the thirteenth century with kermes and later cochineal. The color carries the institutional weight of its source — a saturated red-orange that reads as authority rather than romance. Also the bird (Cardinalis cardinalis) of the American east, whose plumage takes its red from carotenoid pigments in the seeds it eats.